In , the first high-speed printer was developed by Remington-Rand for use on the Univac computer. Xerox Engineer Gary Starkweather born adapted Carlson's Xerox copier technology, adding a laser beam to it to come up with the laser printer.
According to the Xerox Corporation, "The Xerox Electronic Printing System, the first xerographic laser printer product, was released in The , a direct descendant from the original PARC "EARS" printer which pioneered in laser scanning optics, character generation electronics, and page formatting software, was the first product on the market to be enabled by PARC research. It was a laser printer that operated at speeds of more than impressions-per-minute. It was the first printer to combine laser technology and electrophotography.
In , Hewlett-Packard released the popular LaserJet 4, the first by dots per inch resolution laser printer. Printing is, of course, far older than the computer. However, it is suspected that book printing may have occurred long before this date.
Before Johannes Gutenberg ca — , printing was limited in the number of editions made and nearly exclusively decorative, used for pictures and designs. The material to be printed was carved into wood, stone, and metal, rolled with ink or paint and transferred by pressure to parchment or vellum. Books were hand copied mostly by members of religious orders. Gutenberg was a German craftsman and inventor, and he is best known for the Gutenberg press, an innovative printing press machine that used movable type.
It remained the standard until the 20th century. Gutenberg made printing cheap. German born Ottmar Mergenthaler's — invention of the linotype composing the machine in is regarded as the greatest advance in printing since Gutenberg's development of movable type years earlier, allowing people to quickly set and breakdown an entire line of text at once. In , Samuel Simon of Manchester England was awarded a patent for the process of using silk fabric as a printing screen. Using materials other than silk for screen printing has a long history that begins with the ancient art of stenciling used by the Egyptians and Greeks as early as B.
Walter W. Morey of East Orange, New Jersey, conceived the idea of a teletypesetter, a device for setting type by telegraph using coded paper tape. It is said that the degree of particles released is generally proportional to the amount of toner required.
Liquid inkjet printers operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material ink onto almost any sized page. They are the most common type of computer printer for the general consumer due to their low cost, high quality of output, capability of printing in vivid color, and ease of use.
Like most modern technologies, the present-day inkjet was built on the progress made by many earlier versions. Among many contributors, Epson, Hewlett-Packard and Canon can claim a substantial share of the credit for the development of the modern inkjet.
In the worldwide consumer market, four manufacturers account for the majority of inkjet printer sales: Canon, Hewlett-Packard, Epson, and Lexmark. The inkjet technologies used by these printers are thermal inkjets, piezoelectric inkjets and continuous inkjet. Solid ink printers are a type of thermal transfer printers, also known as phase-change printers. They use solid sticks of CMYK colored ink similar in consistency to candle wax , which are melted and fed into a piezo-crystal operated print-head.
The print head sprays the ink on a rotating, oil coated drum. The paper then passes over the print drum, at which time the image is transferred, or transfixed, to the page.
They are most commonly used as color office printers, and they are great at printing on transparencies and other non-porous media. Although the acquisition and operating costs are similar to laser printers, the drawbacks of the technology include high power consumption and long warm-up times from a cold state.
Also, the resulting prints are difficult to write on, because of the consistency of the ink, and are difficult to feed through Automatic Document Feeders, but these traits have been significantly reduced in later models. In addition, this type of printer is only available from one manufacturer, Xerox, manufactured as part of their Xerox Phaser office printer line.
Dye-sublimation printers employ a printing process which uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a plastic card, paper or canvas.
The process is usually to lay one color at a time, using a ribbon that has color panels. This type of printers is less suited for text, being increasingly used as dedicated consumer photo printers. Thermal printers work by selectively heating regions of special heat-sensitive paper. Monochrome thermal printers are used in cash registers, ATMs, gasoline dispensers and some older inexpensive fax machines. Colors can be achieved with special papers and different temperatures and heating rates for different colors.
UV printers - Xerox is working on an inkless printer which will use a special reusable paper coated with a few micrometers of UV light sensitive chemicals. The printer will use a special UV light bar which will be able to write and erase the paper. Oki Electric, in partnership with the Telecommunications Laboratory of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation now NTT , developed a belt line printer in that used a type belt for printing.
The printer was exhibited in June at Automath, an international information processing conference held in Paris. Based on this exhibit prototype, Oki Electric built a commercial model that printed characters per line at a speed of up to lines per minute when using a character set. Shinko Seisakusho, in partnership with NTT's Telecommunications Laboratory, built a prototype of a line printer with a type drum.
NEC later built a commercial model based on this prototype that printed characters per line at a speed of lines per minute character set or lines per minute character set. This model was used as the output device of the NEAC computer. Fujitsu developed a line printer in that used a type bar to print 60 characters per line in one step, achieving a print speed of lines per minute, for its FACOM relay-based computer.
The company developed a type-drum line printer in that printed lines per minute character set for use as the FACOM A 's output device. Line printers, either utilizing a type drum or a type belt or band , reached speeds of to 1, lines per minute character set by the mids and speeds of 1, to 2, lines per minute character set by the mids.
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