Erik Erikson developed the most common theories of emotional development. Jean Piaget developed the most common theories of cognitive development. And, Lawrence Kohlberg developed the dominant theories of moral development. Piaget conceptualizes moral development as a constructivist process, whereby the interplay of action and thought builds moral concepts.
Answer and Explanation: Cognitive development is how thought processes change over time and moral development is how views on morality change over time. Both believed the child is an active participant in his or her own learning. Both believed that the course of development declines with age. Social Development In other words, individual learning is affected by factors such as family, friends, culture, and the society in which they live.
Cognitive development is influenced both by direct effects on cognition and by indirect effects through alterations in self-concept, aspirations, attitudes to learning and styles of interaction with other people.
Moral development is strongly influenced by interpersonal factors, such as family, peers, and culture. Intrapersonal factors also impact moral development, such as cognitive changes, emotions, and even neurodevelopment. An enriching and stimulating home environment fosters healthy growth and brain development by providing a child with love, emotional support, and opportunities for learning and exploration. In families where only one parent is present, there are often fewer economic and emotional resources.
Environmental influences include dietary intake of B vitamins, especially folate, as well as medical conditions such as renal dysfunction, SLE, advanced age, hypothyroidism and some medications.
Internal and external environmental factors, like gender and temperature, influence gene expression. The sensorimotor stage is the first stage children go through up until the age of two, at this point, they gather knowledge through their senses and movement around their immediate environment.
They are not able to distinguish themselves from their environment and assume that they view the same perspectives as others, this is known as profound egocentrism.
They also fail to acknowledge object permanence, in which an object continues to exist even though it is out of sight, for babies however, this awareness is very limited and they only know of which they see.
It is only later in the sensorimotor stage that they are able to obtain this knowledge gradually children as they develop general symbolic function, whereby they are able to understand and replicate objects that are not in front of. Children exhibit egocentrism during the pre-operational stage, which starts from two years up to seven years. As a result, the child does not portray any objective reality of happenings in his or her life; the child only has subjective reality Rathus, In conclusion, children learn and gain knowledge from their experiences.
Their knowledge is developed through sensory and motor abilities. This reflects in their ability to use language, to think of past and future events, and to pretend. However, toddlers cannot think logically in a consistent way, and their reasoning is subjective and intuitive.
Concrete operational stage years old : children start to think logically in a consistent way, but only in regards to real and concrete features of their world, but not in an abstract situation. This stage makes the school-age child a more systematic, objective and a scientific-style. Piaget also found that children in the preoperational period will be frequently egocentric, in that they consider everything from their own viewpoint.
This egocentric nature in the child can be seen in their interaction with children and their speech. Piaget speculated though that through more interaction with children, less interaction with adults a child will overcome this egocentrism. At this stage, children's outlook is essentially self-centred as they are unable to take into account others' points of view. The second stage of development lasts until around seven years of age. Children begin to use language to make sense of reality.
Having never broken the boundaries of male belief, women could not excel, as the patriarchal way of thinking forbid this. I see this as a matter of difference, and since Anna Quindlen is well versed in female-male relations, being a wife and mother to two boys, her view is studied. At the Pre-Conventional level, children are interested in obtaining their own benefits, the first stage is Obedience and Punishment Orientation. In this stage, punishment is used so that the person refrains from doing the action and continues to obey the rules.
The first stage is Conformity and Interpersonal Accord, at this stage it states that children are interested in pleasing others and maintain friendly relations with the others. Introduction Piaget was the primary analyst to make a deliberate investigation of subjective improvement. His commitments incorporate a hypothesis of kid psychological improvement, point by point observational investigations of comprehension in kids, and a progression of basic however clever tests to uncover diverse subjective capacities.
The fundamental thought behind Kohlberg's hypothesis of good improvement is that youngsters and teenagers don't only splash up or disguise the ethics and estimations of the grown-ups around them; however through circumstances of good clash, kids develop their own particular qualities and ethics. These concepts influenced how we understand play, and its value to. As stated above Vygotsky was brilliant with his theory about Social Development with children.
While Piaget was the first psychologist to discover that children think differently to adults and started the theory with Cognitive child development. Instead, they argue, that these things are developed through their experiences and interactions with the social world. In their argument they provide evidence to support this theory. Introduction Jean Piaget was a standout amongst the most persuasive specialists in the area of developmental psychology during the 20th century.
He was mostly keen in the biological impacts on "how we come to know. He utilized Piaget 's narrating method to tell individuals stories including moral issues. For every situation he displayed a decision to be considered, for instance, between the privileges of some power and the necessities of some meriting person who is as a rule unreasonably treated.
This assignment also contrasts and compares both theories along with criticism. Also I have looked into how these theories can be used in classroom teaching. Schemas building blocks of knowledge. Piaget called the. Show More. Read More.
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